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The book offers an in-depth exploration of the state of biodiversity in the 21st century. We delve into topics such as endangered species, biodiversity hotspots, the role of ecosystems in human well-being, and the importance of conservation efforts worldwide. The chapters emphasize both in situ and ex-situ conservation strategies, examining approaches ranging from the establishment of protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to cutting-edge biotechnologies like gene banks and tissue culture. One of the key themes of the book is the recognition that biodiversity conservation is no longer just an environmental issue but a cross-disciplinary one that intersects with economic, social, and cultural dimensions. We consider the ways in which biodiversity contributes to human survival through the provision of ecosystem services clean air, water, food, medicine, and climate regulation and how the loss of biodiversity threatens these services. In doing so, the book underscores the critical need for sustainable development practices that integrate conservation into economic and policy frameworks.